Economic principles assert only future costs and benefits should be used to make decisions. Every negotiator should be aware that humans tend to remember past costs that have been spent or invested. This history and memory creates a bias and influences behaviors during a negotiation.
Gives the other party only two options—accept this or end the negotiation. This is a very tough negotiating tactic and often leads to resentment and hostility. This approach certainly removes any opportunity for Both-Win® value creation. When confronted with a Take-It-Or-Leave-It, a good negotiator will ask for consideration. This tests the resolve of the party [...]
Outbursts often throw the other side off balance.
Taking the distance on an issue that stands between the latest positions and giving each side half. Can be a tactic to make you think you are getting an equitable result when in fact where the negotiation began was to the advantage of the other side. Offer to agree on a halfway position. Make equal [...]
A tactic that avoids reaching agreement by claiming without justification the need for more time.
People and organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of the negotiation. They are rarely at the negotiating table, and are often not directly involved at all.
Adopting a negative, demanding emotional style of negotiating. Using hostility and threats to demonstrate an unwillingness to move away from a stated position. A negotiator often is compelled to concede or give in just to stop an irritating squeaky wheel. It's just not worth it to hold their position.
Demonstrating by your actions or words that you are not open to new solutions. Some negotiators stonewall to see if the other side will capitulate.
The more opposing parties develop intersecting spheres of mutual interest and interdependence, the more bargaining power they are likely to exert. The range of possible outcomes where both parties are satisfied with the agreement. This generally is the overlap area between each party's acceptable low and high range. It also encompasses interdependency created by [...]
Used to change the subject, cloud an issue, or delay a decision. A new person may be temporarily introduced into the negotiation. A new issue is brought up that must be investigated. Suddenly the scope of issues is expanded to include broader issues. Significant new information is introduced that must be analyzed.
